In Baltimori, Peru, one of the activities is enrichment planting in secondary forest, areas where only a few tree species have taken hold as part of the forest's own survival strategy after disturbance. Enrichment planting speeds up the return of tree species that are useful for human needs, including endangered species, and brings a broader range of biodiversity back into the landscape sooner than natural regeneration alone would. The site covers 8.41 hectares in total, made up of two non-contiguous, nearby areas of 2.73 and 5.68 hectares respectively. "Enrichment strips" is a commonly used term in restoration and silviculture literature, referring to rows of high-value trees planted within fallows, degraded areas, or secondary forests. In Camino Verde's case, these strips are planted within secondary forests that are 10 to 25 years old. This land was previously farmed by the site's former owner for bananas, corn, rice, and cassava, sold at the local market. Slashed and burned for farming and then left to grow back, these forests are now a couple decades old and already have a somewhat closed canopy, made up of a few predominant pioneer species native to the region, such as balsa wood (Ochroma pyramidale) and cetico (Cecropia sp.). These native pioneer species are very effective at building up organic matter to rebuild soils. They are also short-lived, with a maximum lifespan of 30 to 50 years, so as they grow old, their understory is naturally repopulated with a greater diversity of tree species, dispersed by birds, bats, and tree-dwelling mammals. Planting enrichment strips in this environment can be thought of as speeding up natural ecological succession, so that a greater diversity of species is present sooner, and the secondary forest transitions to a high-diversity primary forest faster than it otherwise would. This would ordinarily take 100 to 200 years. Our enrichment planting directly increases the presence of endangered species in the secondary forest. Alongside this ecological diversification, enrichment planting also enriches the forest in the economic sense, bringing more valuable species into the landscape sooner. Planting within secondary or degraded forest keeps maintenance costs relatively low, requiring only one or at most two weedings per year, since weeds grow more vigorously in full sun and the existing canopy limits that. At the same time, that same canopy leads to a higher death rate among planted seedlings, since branches frequently fall on them from above. Best practice for this planting system is therefore a high planting density. The planting strips are spaced 5 or 10 meters apart, are 1 to 1.5 meters wide, and are hand-cleared of undergrowth with machetes. Trees are planted along the rows every 0.5 meters, giving a planting density of 4,000 trees per hectare where strips are spaced every 5 meters, or 2,000 trees per hectare where strips are spaced every 10 meters. In some experimental rows, this density was increased further by planting in a zigzag pattern (locally called "tresbolillo") within the cleared strip, allowing for 1.5 times as many trees per row, or 3,000 to 6,000 trees per hectare. The process begins with seed collection in the surrounding forests. Once seeds have grown into seedlings, they are stored safely and go through a hardening process to improve their survival rate once planted. When the rainy season arrives, the seedlings are planted out into the forest. Between 2021 and 2022, 18,500 trees were planted in enrichment strips in the secondary forest with the help of Go Forest clients. Species include Canela Moena, Cacao, Quillusisa, Moena Naranja, Espintana, Huayo Blanco, Huasaí, Asaí, Ungurahui, Catahua, Bombonaje, and Caoba.

La Joya is Camino Verde's younger reforestation center, established in 2017, a decade after Camino Verde Baltimori was founded. The site hosts our technical partner's largest tree nursery, supplying seedlings to farmers, native communities, researchers, NGOs, government projects, and the local municipality for urban tree planting in Puerto Maldonado. La Joya produces over 100 tree species each year, with capacity for 100,000 seedlings at a time. It is also the main location for farmer-facing workshops on tree nursery management, agroforestry, and Melipona beekeeping, and offers paid internships to Indigenous women in native species propagation and integral nursery management. The demonstration areas at La Joya showcase native species diversity across both agroforestry and reforestation plots. Over 200 tree species have been registered on site, part of the Living Seed Bank program for the conservation and propagation of native species. This diversity is the result of years of restoration work. When our local partner took over the site, it showed the effects of decades of cattle farming: compacted soils, annual burning, and invasive exotic grass that choked out young trees. Rebuilding La Joya took sustained management. Even now, a significant share of the trees planted on site serve to rehabilitate the soil, generating organic matter quickly to support the rest of the planting. Between 2021 and 2026, 67401 trees were planted at La Joya with the help of Go Forest clients, through two approaches, agroforestry and reforestation, covering 167 species in total. Reforestation species planted include Palo brasil, Caoba, Tahuari amarillo, Huayo blanco, Tahuarí flor negro, Shihuahuaco, Bolaina, Espintana, Yacushapana, Shaena, Palisangre, Cedro, Pashaco, Puma quiro, Palo capitán, Quillabordon, Ajosquiro, Requia, Courbaril, Oreja negra, Capirona, Tornillo, Misa, and Quinilla.

In Baltimori, on a parcel called La Banda, covering approximately 7 hectares, 23,874 trees were planted with the help of Go Forest clients. Reforestation efforts began in the second half of 2021 and were completed by the end of 2024. This site boasts a wide diversity of native species. Notable highlights include rosewood, cacao, and several aromatic relatives of rosewood that hold promising potential for the fragrance industry. A particularly dominant species in this parcel is Flemingia macrophylla, locally known simply as flemingia. Though it's a relatively small tree, it plays a powerful role in the ecosystem. Flemingia is a prolific producer of organic matter and mulch, and also contributes by fixing nitrogen, attracting pollinators with its flowers, and possibly even improving soil health through its anti-nematode properties. In total, 28 different species have been planted on this parcel. Alongside rosewood, cacao, and flemingia, other species include Huasaí, Bobinsana, Espintana, Cinamillo, Moena Naranja, Huayo Blanco, Cacahuillo, Shihuahuaco, Coca, Hungurahui, Moquete de Tigre, Copoazú, Copaiba, Copal, Sachavaca papaya, Caoba, Canela Moena, Estoraque, Chimicua, Palta moena, Guanabana, Gustavia, Arazá, and Limoncillo. What enables such a large number of flemingia trees to thrive in this parcel is a unique management technique known as radical pruning. Once a year, the trees are pruned back to tall stumps, and the resulting biomass is used as a nitrogen-rich mulch to cover and enrich the soil. While this method prevents the trees from growing large enough to store significant carbon in their trunks, it allows them to make meaningful contributions to soil carbon and overall soil fertility. Their rapid growth also makes them excellent tutor trees, helping to create a humid, shaded microclimate that supports the early development of more sensitive tree seedlings. The process begins with seed collection in the nearby forests. Once seeds have grown into seedlings, they are stored safely and go through a hardening process to improve their survival rate once planted. When the rainy season arrives, the seedlings are planted out into nature.

Florenville is a French-speaking town located in the Walloon region in the province of Luxembourg, more precisely in the Gaume region, on the border with the Ardennes and France. The project started with the first plantation activity in March and April 2022 and is finished one year later. The trees are planted in diversified and mixed hardwood species: chestnut trees, maples, sessile oaks, and wild cherry trees. The plot has a private owner. The plantation fulfills a triple objective: Reforestation of neglected/abandoned land, without satisfactory natural regeneration. Diversified reforestation after a health crisis: spruce bark beetle. Increase of the forest area by the conversion of neglected areas. The plantation obviously contributes to all the ecosystem benefits of a balanced and functional forest (CO2, soil, water...). In particular, the presence of chestnut trees will contribute to the development of biodiversity; the plantation also provides a landscape interest given the touristic character of the region. Extra: Type of soil: silty / sandy Altitude : +/- 320 m Work: crushing of the soil (brushwood and shapeless coppice) - planting and treatment with Trico (natural product based on sheep fat) to keep animals away Organization of the plantation by mixed blocks in great density of +/- 2.500 trees / Ha

This project in Bovigny is a reforestation effort in Bovigny, Belgium (Parc naturel des deux Ourthes). It's replanting 7767 trees over 8 hectares after a bark beetle attack on the previous spruce stand. The planting includes sessile oak, Douglas fir, spruce and hybrid larch. The goal is to enhance biodiversity and leave room for natural regeneration. Planting is scheduled for 2024-2025. Plantation updates: - Planting date: The trees were planted between March 17 and April 30, 2025. - 7767 trees planted: The plantation included 742 sessile oaks, 2875 Douglas firs, 2875 Norway spruces and 1275 hybrid larches. The planting was carried out in lines, with species mixed along each row. - Monitoring summary: Weather conditions during planting were marked by a dry eastern wind, and rain is hoped for soon. - Maintenance: Future work includes manual clearing. Treatment against the pine weevil (hylobius) was applied to protect young trees.

In this project in Le Roeulx we plant 12,000 trees during the first months of 2024, with the majority of the trees planted in March 2024. On the 5.5-hectare plot, we mainly plant lines of chestnuts, oaks, maples, and walnuts. It is important to execute this project because the area is a very agricultural one with little afforestation. We are planting a diverse forest to preserve wildlife habitats and support the ecological and environmental benefits of the forest. Details: - Altitude of 118 meters. - The soil is loamy with favorable natural drainage or loamy with poor natural drainage. - The composition of the previous stand: ash trees. - The follow-ups of the trees are planned for April 2024 and summer 2025.

Location: Lasne Maransart (40 km from Brussels) Project: reforestation of 1.7 hectares with 4200 trees Timing: planting season winter 2023-2024, last additions in 2024 Reason for reforestation: Replanting is necessary as there are no natural seedlings (other than birch) on the plot. Diversification of species is necessary for resilience to climate change. Tree species: 80% Sessile oak, 10% Small-leaved lime, 10% Byzantium hazelnut Planting organization: In the center of the plot we plant mixed rows of 3 oaks and 1 lime tree, in a staggered pattern (2x2.5m). At the edge of the plot we plant 4 rows along the road to the North. Monitoring update, June 2026: - 4,200 trees planted: 80% sessile oak, 10% small-leaved lime and 10% Byzantine hazel, in mixed rows of 3 oaks to 1 lime tree in a staggered pattern, with four rows of edge planting along the boundary. - The recovery rate stands at 100%, and the plot's overall sanitary state is very good. No biotic or climatic damage was observed. - Manual clearing and game protection have been carried out. No replanting is needed. - Natural regeneration of oak and maple is present on site and will be preserved. - Overall, the plantation is doing very well!

During the winter of 2022–2023, a total of 3,200 trees are being planted on this site, with an average density of approximately 1,500 trees per hectare. The plantation is certified under both PEFC and FSC standards. The project focuses on assisted natural regeneration across a 2-hectare plot situated at an altitude of 52 meters. Poplars will be planted in an 8x8 spacing pattern, supported by natural regeneration—which will be maximized—and supplemented with additional plantings. Due to the relatively wet conditions and limited species diversity across the site, planting clusters will be established to develop the understory. These islands will help diversify the habitat and fill in gaps. Species selected for the understory will be adapted to wetland environments, such as willow, alder, pedunculate oak and others to be confirmed. Previously, the plot was dominated by poplars, many of which were affected by rust—a fungal disease that causes powdery orange, brown or black pustules on leaves. Replanting is essential to increase species diversity, establish a healthy understory and enhance areas that are currently understocked. Ultimately, the goal is to restore and strengthen the forest’s ecosystem functions. Plantation updates: - Planting date: The trees were planted on March 9, 2023. - 3200 trees planted: The plantation included a diverse mix of species. 550 hornbeams, 500 field elms, 400 black alders, 325 pedunculate oaks, 300 hawthorns, 300 sycamore maples, 300 poplars, 250 hazels, 250 guelder roses and 25 goat willows. - Monitoring summary: Monitoring conducted in October 2024 indicated a strong survival rate of 90%. The overall health of the site is good, with no observed damage from biotic or climatic factors. Natural regeneration is actively occurring and is being encouraged to complement the planted species. Goat willows have been strategically placed along the northern edge of the parcels near the watercourse, with approximately 15 meters between each tree. Biodiversity is supported by the presence of a bordering river and ongoing natural regeneration. During a field visit in June 2026, we confirmed the continued healthy growth of the trees.

The Baclain project, located in the Parc Naturel des Deux Ourthes (Gouvy, Belgium), focuses on the reforestation of a 2.5-hectare plot of fallow land previously used for coniferous plantations. The plot is surrounded by diverse-aged forests with mixed species and is very close to the Wez de Halleux stream. This rural area, rich in natural and agricultural landscapes, has soils conducive to forest growth, specifically loamy soils with favorable natural drainage. Scheduled for the season of 2024-2025, we introduce 7,650 new trees using a mixed planting approach. The species composition includes 34% Douglas fir, 33% larch, 20% beech, 10% oak, and 3% chestnut, with spacing tailored to each species' needs. Ground preparation will involve band tillage, with residual vegetation mulched and wildlife deterrents applied to protect young saplings. The regeneration of native species such as birch, sorb, and oak is anticipated, complementing the planted trees. This balanced approach will promote a resilient forest structure that aligns with regional biodiversity and climate goals. In general, the project aims to restore the land's ecological and economic value by reestablishing forest cover and enhancing ecosystem services such as water quality, flood mitigation, soil protection, and carbon sequestration. It transforms neglected land into a thriving forest ecosystem, contributing to local environmental, social, and economic benefits. Plantation update: - 7650 trees were planted in March-April 2025: 2601 Douglas firs (34%), 2525 larches (33%), 1530 beeches (20%), 765 oaks (10%) and 229 chestnuts (3%). - Monitoring summary: The plantation took place on 2.5 hectares across several parcels in Gouvy. The terrain was prepared in advance and treated with natural forest latex. Douglas and larches were planted in mixed rows (2x1.7m), while beeches and oaks were placed along the borders (2x1.5m). A field visit in June 2026 showed a good establishment of the trees, along with natural regeneration of birch & rowan. - Maintenance: Clearing will be necessary due to the abundance of ferns.

The Amblève project, located in the commune of Amblève (BE 4770) and in the Amblève bassin, involves a reforestation initiative in response to an ongoing bark beetle infestation affecting the region's spruce forests. Rather than clear-cutting the entire area, selective extraction of infested trees is being implemented. This method varies depending on the situation, with some areas undergoing large or small-scale clear-cutting while others focus on isolated spruce removal. Following last season's intervention with 10,500 trees, another 14,280 trees are planted during the season of 2024-2025, in a mix of 1.5m x 1.5m (islands) or 2m x 2.5m spacing (in larger areas). The replanting will prioritize beech trees (88%) due to their adaptability to low-light conditions, particularly in small clusters. Other species, including hornbeam, linden, and maple, will be introduced in varying proportions, depending on the specific site conditions. There is significant wildlife pressure, but not enough to threaten the plantations. The manager plans to protect the planting clusters with small localized fences. The restoration effort aims to restore forest cover, enhance species diversity, and strengthen the forest's resilience to climate change. The project can be expanded up to 100,000 trees. The area, known for its rich rural and agricultural landscape, attracts hikers, cyclists, and horse riders exploring the extensive forests around the Amblève River. Historically, the region's forests were damaged during World War II, particularly during the Ardennes Offensive, and were subsequently replanted with spruce, which has proven vulnerable to pests and storms. The project is integrated into a special zone (ZIP), is easy accessible, and offers opportunities for site visits. Plantation updates: - Planting period: The plantation took place between November 2024 and February 2025. - 14280 trees planted: 11480 beeches, 1200 hornbeams, 1200 maples and 400 lindens. - Monitoring summary: The planting was carried out over 15.64 hectares of former spruce forest. Despite regular snow and freezing conditions, the weather did not hinder the work. Trees were planted in clusters, either under existing spruce stands or following clear-cutting. The terrain was prepared beforehand, and protection measures were applied where needed. No major difficulties were encountered.

In Gouvy, in a forest region with lots of coniferous woods, we're planting 11 250 trees on 5.28 ha. The trees are planted on two plots of 2.02 and 3.26 ha and one of the two plots will be protected by a 2m fence. We are planting the following tree species: - 5000 rowan trees (sorbus aucuparia) - 4000 warty birches (betula pendula) - 2250 beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) The distribution of plants in each plot is not yet known. The trees are planted among vegetation and various shrubs, that have not all been crushed. The vegetation is left on the plot, because it will protect the plants from the heat this summer, and will provide some shade. It will also enable the plants to grow straight. We will make sure that this vegetation does not cover the young trees. Although the trees are planted within an existing system, we still consider this project a normal Plantation instead of an Assisted Natural Regeneration project (ANR). The total number of plants is higher here than in an ANR project. This plantation is important because this diversified planting promotes biodiversity and creates resilience to climate change. This project benefits all of the ecosystem benefits of the forest. Other details Altitude (m): 590m Soil type: Loamy Composition of the previous stand: Spruce and Douglas fir with health problems Planting season: Winter 23/24 Accessibility to the plot: easy

Tintange is a part of the Belgian municipality of Fauvillers located in the Walloon Region in the province of Luxembourg. The village is located at the entrance of a Belgian enclave in Luxembourg territory. Fauvillers is also located in the heart of the forest of Anlier in the heart of the Natural Park of the Haute-Sûre. The plot in Tintange is 0.8 hectares and the plantation exists out of 1660 trees: 800 cedars, 800 European larches, and 60 sessile oaks. The plantation activities start during the Spring of 2023. It is necessary to rehabilitate an old forest area left in the coppice. This project environmentally enhances an abandoned forest area and creates a diversification of species compared to the previous situation. This benefits the reconstruction of a forest with a real future. The planting organization is an intimate mixture of cedars and european larches planted at 2.5x2m, with a border of 60 sessile oaks planted 6x6m with a filling of natural hardwood seedlings. Before, there was a coppice of various hardwoods. Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management that exploits the capacity of many species of trees to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. Because the plot was abandoned, this coppice was composed of what had grown naturally but without any real potential for the future. Other details: Area of the plot in ha: 0.8 Ha Altitude (m): 420 Soil type: Ardennes brown soil Nursery name: Pirothon Other source of funding: Resilient Forest, public aid granted by the Walloon Region Type of work – Remanent: Grinding Type of work – floor: Line milling Type of work - Pre-planting: Game repellent when planting A field visit in June 2026 confirmed that the trees continue to grow well.

This 4500-tree reforestation project in Rodt, 4780 Saint Vith, aims to restore the forest after a spruce bark beetle attack. The plots are 1.47 ha and 1.27 ha, so we reforest a total of 2.74 ha. The planting of 4500 trees starts in April 2023. More specifically, we plant Oaks (Chênes), Corsican pines (Pins courses) and Larch trees (Mélèzes). This diversified plantation is important because this is a region with a lot of spruce trees. With this plantation, we promote biodiversity and create resilience in the face of climate change. Altitude (m): 590m Soil type: Loamy Composition of the previous stand: Spruces damaged by bark beetle. Accessibility: We plant on a south slope with a stream at the bottom of the plot. The site is notably crossed by a path open to the public, supporting landscape connectivity and biodiversity. Plantation updates: - Planting date: The trees were planted in spring 2023. - 4500 trees planted: The plantation includes a mix of species: 2500 larches, 2000 Corsican black pines and 1000 sessile oaks. Trees were planted in rows with 2.5m x 2.5m spacing. - Monitoring summary: Monitoring conducted in June 2024 indicated a strong survival rate of 90%. The overall health of the site is good, with no observed damage from biotic or climatic factors. Natural regeneration is occurring, particularly with birch, spruce and rowan. Rowan appears to be the most promising species for natural regeneration. - Maintenance: Replanting of larches was carried out. Besides this, no further replanting is needed.

The La Joya site hosts our technical partner's largest tree nursery, supplying seedlings to farmers, native communities, researchers, NGOs, government projects, and the local municipality for urban tree planting in Puerto Maldonado. La Joya produces over 100 tree species each year, with capacity for 100,000 seedlings at a time. It is also the main location for farmer-facing workshops on tree nursery management, agroforestry, and Melipona beekeeping, and offers paid internships to Indigenous women in native species propagation and integral nursery management. The demonstration areas at La Joya showcase native species diversity across both agroforestry and reforestation plots. Over 200 tree species have been registered on site, part of the Living Seed Bank program for the conservation and propagation of native species. This diversity is the result of years of restoration work. When our local partner took over the site, it showed the effects of decades of cattle farming: compacted soils, annual burning, and invasive exotic grass that choked out young trees. Rebuilding La Joya took sustained management. Even now, a significant share of the trees planted on site serve to rehabilitate the soil, generating organic matter quickly to support the rest of the planting. Between 2021 and 2026, 67401 trees were planted at La Joya with the help of Go Forest clients, through two approaches, agroforestry and reforestation, covering 167 species in total. Agroforestry species planted include amongst others, Cacao, Caoba, Copoazu, Bobinsana, Guanabana, Camu camu, Achiote, Vainilla, Café, Piña, Mango, Palta, Lucma & Yuca.

Between January and February 2026, our technical partner in Peru organized a large-scale plant distribution in the Amazon. A total of 9,934 tree seedlings, sponsored by Go Forest clients, were delivered to 5 communities of the Ampiyacu River Basin. The agroforestry systems established with these communities are centered around rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora), an endangered species valued for its aroma, with essential oil widely used in the perfume industry. Rosewood serves as a key productive and income-generating species within the agroforestry parcels. It is complemented by 15 additional species, including a diverse mix of fruit, medicinal, and hardwood trees that together form resilient agroforestry systems. These include endangered ironwood (Dipteryx micrantha), andiroba (Carapa guianensis), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), copaiba (Copaifera sp.), chacruna (Psychotria viridis), capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum), avocado, and a variety of citrus species. The systems also incorporate previously established nitrogen-fixing guaba trees (Inga edulis), along with other native species. Our technical partner, together with a small group of volunteers, spent approximately 10 days traveling from one community to the next, distributing plants to all participating families. Community members carried out the planting in the following weeks. In March 2026, our technical partner returned to each community to monitor planting progress and provide additional guidance, training, and hands-on workshops, particularly for more delicate species such as rosewood. Follow-up visits are planned going forward to continue monitoring efforts alongside participating families.

In the Bombetoka Bay located in the North-West of Madagascar, more specifically in the village of Nosy Kabija (Belobaka municipality, Boeny), we've planted new mangrove trees on two sites (0.29 ha & 0.45 ha) to restore the mangrove forest. In March 2026, 5055 mangrove trees of two species were planted here: Ceriops tagal and Rhizophora mucronata. The overall objective is to restore degraded lands and promote better management of the mangrove ecosystem to improve the living conditions of the local communities. Moreover, the mangroves provide spawning grounds for shrimps, crabs, and fish, which helps to boost the economy of the community.

In the Bombetoka Bay located in the North-West of Madagascar, more specifically in the village of Nosy Kabija (Belobaka municipality, Boeny), we've planted new mangrove trees on a site of 0.2 ha to restore the mangrove forest. In May 2026, 1284 mangrove trees of two species were planted here: Ceriops tagal and Rhizophora mucronata. The overall objective is to restore degraded lands and promote better management of the mangrove ecosystem to improve the living conditions of the local communities. Moreover, the mangroves provide spawning grounds for shrimps, crabs, and fish, which helps to boost the economy of the community.

In the course of 2026, these mangroves will be planted in Majunga, Madagascar. Once the planting has taken place, this section will be updated with the correct species & geolocation. Mangrove species are planted according to the natural distribution, to ensure great adaptation and survival. We plant two different species: - Ceriops Tagal (Ceriops), also known as "Yellow mangrove" or "Spurred mangrove.". Ceriops is considered the female mangrove by the locals in Madagascar, due to its smaller propagules and less intricate roots. Depending on the area, this species is more or less spread, yet play a crucial role in the ecosystem. - Rhizophora Mucronata (Rhizo). Rhizophora Mucronata is a species of mangrove, commonly known as the "Red mangrove" or "Loop-root mangrove." One distinctive feature of Rhizo is its prop roots, which extend from the trunk and branches down into the mud or water.

On two sites (1.42 ha & 0.77 ha), in the Bombetoka Bay located in the North-West of Madagascar, more specifically in the village of Amparemahintsy (Boanamary municipality, Boeny), we're planting new mangrove trees to restore the mangrove forest. In October 2025, 14235 mangrove trees of two species were planted here: Ceriops tagal and Rhizophora mucronata. The overall objective is to restore degraded lands and promote better management of the mangrove ecosystem to improve the living conditions of the local communities. Moreover, the mangroves provide spawning grounds for shrimps, crabs, and fish, which helps to boost the economy of the community.

In the Bombetoka Bay located in the North-West of Madagascar, more specifically in the village of Nosy Kabija (Belobaka municipality, Boeny), we've planted new mangrove trees on a site of 2.6 ha to restore the mangrove forest. In December 2025, 8892 mangrove trees of two species were planted here: Ceriops tagal and Rhizophora mucronata. The overall objective is to restore degraded lands and promote better management of the mangrove ecosystem to improve the living conditions of the local communities. Moreover, the mangroves provide spawning grounds for shrimps, crabs, and fish, which helps to boost the economy of the community.